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Branching coral in naturally acidic water.
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Fragile Branching Corals in Acidic Water

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Photo of coral polyp, with a single bleach polyp.
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Corals Threatened by Acid Seas

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But closer to the CO2 seeps, the complex reef has been replaced by a “monoculture” of boulder corals.
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Monoculture of Boulder Corals

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Acidic waters are also able to completely dissolve coral skeletons.
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Dissolving Coral Skeleton in Acidic Waters

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The acidic waters from the CO2 seeps can dissolve shells and also make it harder for shells to grow in the first place.
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Dissolving Shell

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Where the pH is the lowest, corals can no longer grow - sand, rubble and seagrasses replace the reef.
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Lonely Seagrass in Acidic Waters

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By pumping enormous test tubes that are 60-feet deep and hold almost 15,000 gallons of water with carbon dioxide to make the water inside more acidic, researchers can study how zooplankton, phytoplankton and other small organisms will adapt in the wild.
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Studying Acidification in the Field

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